nepal dental postgraduate entrance

[vasabaka]

DEAR FRIENds

heard that there is going to be a Pg entrance exam in dental. Iam here with giving a sample paper from the books of Dr. Gowri sankar given in recent indian entrances

These are good books actually. If thereis no coipy right infringement i willtry to upload the other papers also




COMED-K Code B

1.Majority of salivary stones occur in
a.Parotid gland
b.Ectopic salivary gland
c.Sub lingual gland
d.Sub mandibular gland

Ans.”d”
Refg.207.manipal manual of surgery by shenoy.
· Salivary calculi are the commonest causes of sialoadenitis Calculi are more common in the submandibular salivary gland than parotid gland because of the following reasons.
· -Higher mucin content in the submandibular salivary gland secretions.
· - calcium and phosphate content in the secretion is high.
· nondependent drainage of secretions. Gland is in the neck and opening of the duct in the oral cavity.
·

2.Inferior thyroid artery is a branch of
a.External carotid artery
b.Internal carotid artery
c.Common carotid artery
d.Subclavian artery
Ans.”d”
Ref:138/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy
The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk which arises from the subclavian artery.

Branches of Arch of Aorta


I.Brachiocephalic II left common carotid III left subclavian artery


Right common Carotid artery Right subclavian artery

External carotid internal carotid


Supply structures in front Of neck and in face
principal artery of brain and eye)




3.Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis refers to
a.Tuberculous thyroid
b.Hashimoto’s thyroid
c.Dequervain’s thyroid
d.Riedel’s thyroid
Ans.”B”
· Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the main component of thyroiditis.
· Autoimmune aetiology is characteristic by extensive lymphocytic infiltration resulting in destruction of thyroid follicles with variable degree of fibrosis.
· Females in premenopausal group (40-50years) commonly affected. Initially, symptoms of mild hyperthyroidism (hashitoxicosis) may be present. Later, extensive intrathyroidal fibrosis results in permanent hypothyroidism.
· The thyroid follicles are destroyed by significant fibrosis. The deep eosinophilic-staining thyroid follicular cell, Askanazy cell, is characteristic.
· The gland can be firm to hard and sometimes rubbery in consistency, smooth or irregular and can involve the lobe or entire gland.
· In many cases, thyroid antibodies are raised, suggesting an autoimmune disorder.
Treatement
*Thyroxine 0.2 mg/day is given as a supplementary dose.

4.The organism least resistant to thermal inactivations is
a.Bacterial spores
b.Virus
c.Spirochete
d.Streptococcus mutans
Ans.”A”
Bacterial spores constitute some of the most resistant forms of life . They remain viable for centuries . They are extremely resistant to dessication and relatively so to chemicals and heat. though some spores may resist boiling for prolonged periods, spores of all medically important species are destroyed by autoclaving at 120degree.c for 15 minutes.
Viruses are more prone for thermal inactivation

5.Periapical granuloma can be differentiated from cementoma by
a.Radiograph
b.Pulp vitality test
c.C.T. Scan
d.MRI Scan
AnsB
Ref:298/4th shafers
In periapical granuloma the teeth is nonvital as a result of death of the pulp through infection or trauma whereas in cementoma the teeth is vital, so both are differentiated by vitality test.
Cementoma ( periapical cemental dysplasia). The site commonly involved is mandibular anterior teeth .It is common in women in second decade of life

6.RC-prep is a combination of
a.EDTA with carbamide periodide
b.EDTA with hydrogen periodide
c.EDTA with sodium hypochlorite
d.EDTA with urea periodide
Ans.”D”
Refg.225 Grossman’s Endodontic practice 11th edition.
A combination of EDTA and urea peroxide [R-C prep]+developed by Stewart and colleagues was an effective lubricating and cleaning agent for root canals and allowed deeper penetration of the medicament into the dentin.

7.Peso reamer is used for
a.To remove lingual shoulder of anterior teeth
b.Enlarge rootcanal orifices
c.Post space preparation
d.To remove gutta percha
Ans.”C”
Refg.211,Grossman’sEndodontic practice 11th edition.
Two types of power-driven reamers are used in endodontics:Gates Glidden drills and the peeso reamers. The Gates Glidden drill has a long, thin shaft ending in a flameshaped head, with a safe tip to guard against perforations.
The peeso reamer has long, sharp flutes connected to a thick shaft. It cuts laterally and is primarily used for the preparation of post space when gutta-percha has been removed from the obturated root canal.


The Gates Glidden drill is used to remove the lingual shoulder during access preparation of anterior teeth, to enlarge root canal orifices, and to clean and shape the cervical third of root canals in the step-back preparation.

8.When restoring a tooth with resin material, acid etching can do all of the following except
a.Increase the surface area
b.Permit chemial bonding between resin and enamel
c.Create surface irregularities in enamel for better mechanical retention of resin.
d.Condition the tooth surface for better wetting.
Ans.”B”

9.Radio opacity of composite resins is achieved by the addition of
a.Borax
b.Barium and strontium glasses
c.Small amount of lead and carbon
d.Rare earthmetallic oxides
ans.”B”
Ref:375/sikhri

10.Preparation of class I cavities for dental amalgam, direct filling gold or gold inlays have in common
a.Occlusally diverging facial and lingual walls
b.Occusally diverging mesial and distal walls
c.Occlusally converging facial and lingual walls
d.Occlusally converging mesial and distal walls
Ans.”B”
Ref:336/sikhri
Walls of the preparation are made parallel to each other. In wide cavities, mesial and distal walls need to be diverged slightly towards the occlusal surface so as to prevent any undermining and weakening of the marginal ridges. Pulpal floor is made flat and perpendicular to the occlusal forces. All enamel must be supported by sound dentine. All these features contribute to the resistance form of the cavity. Retention is provided by the paralleslism of walls and sharp line angles and point angles.

11.Which of the following materials is easily confused with dental caries when viewed radiographically
a.Calcium hydroxide cement
b.Dental amalgam
c.Zink oxide engenol cement
d.Zink phosphate cement
Ans.A
This question seems to be from old national board papers when no radioopaque material was included in calcium hydroxide cement. Now a days calcium hydroxide contains radioopaque ingredients.

12.Ammonia treated gold foil is also known as
a.Cohesive foil
b.Non cohesive foil
c.Corrugated foil
d.Non-corrugative foil
Ans.B”
Refg.327 sikhri
-pure gold classified into cohesive
semi cohesive
non cohesive forms.
-the gold foil which is free of any surface contaminants and can be placed directly into cavity preparation is called “cohesive gold”.
-The ‘semicohesive gold form” is one in which a protective gas film like ammonia is absorbed on to surface of gold.
The non-cohesive form of gold is one in which certain non-volatile contaminants like iron, sulphur or phosphorous are permanently deposited onto surface.

13. The cavo surface angle for inlay cavity preparation
a.90 degree
b.150 degree
c.Less than 90 degree
d.180 degree
Ans.”B”
The angle at the junction of the walls of the cavity preparation and the external surface of the tooth.
It is of two types
[Ref Sturdevant 4th ed. Pg 300]
Butt joint
Lap / Slip joint

• 90o cavosurface angle
• Advocated in amalgam restorations because amalgam is a brittle material and has low edge strength
• Butt joint produces maximal strength for both tooth and amalgam.

It is also advocated in silicate and porcelain restorations

• >90o cavosurface angle.
• Advocated in cast and composite restorations
• 30 – 40o marginal metal and 140 – 150o cavosurface angle.
• Beveling enables superior adaptation and burnishability of marginal metal

14.Which of the following drug is commonly used to control salivation in operative denstistry

a.Pilocarpine
b.Propanolal
c.Atropine
d.Muscerine
Ans.”c”
Ref:108 sikhri
Drugs can reduce salivation but are rarely indicated. These include antisialogogues, antianxiety agents, sedatives etc.,
i)Antisialogogues:0-25-1mg,oral,1hr before.Premedication may be indicated using an anticholinergic agent to depress salivation. A tropine can be given half an hour before the appointment, but should be avoided in patients with high ocular pressure or with cardiovascular problems; and glaucoma.
ii)Antianxiety agents and barbiturate sedatives premedication with these drugs is quite helpful in apprehensive patients. E.g. Diazepam 5-10mg. or Barbiturates, 24 hours before the appointment.
Because of psychological dependence on these drugs, these should be given only for short periods and to selected patients.
iii)Muscle relaxants.

15.Ferrier double bow separator works on the principles of
a.Wedge principle
b.Traction principle
c.Slow separation
d.Delayed tooth movement
Ans.”b”
Ref:157/sikhri
Separators,which work on traction principle, are:
a)Non interfering true separator
b)Ferrier double bow separator
c)Ivory adjustable separator
d)perry separator
e)Woodward separator
f)Parr’s universal separator
g)Dentatus-Nystrom separator
The first and second types of separators are commonly used.

16.Fluoride substitutes the following components of hydroxyapatite crystal
a.Calcium
b.Hydroxyl
c.Phosphate
d.All the above
Ans.”b”
Ref:423/sikhri
It converts the typical calcium hydroxyapatite crystals of the dental tissues to acid resistant calcium fluorapatite crystals that resist acid attack from caries producing micro organisms.

17.Cell rests of malassez are found in
a.Enamel
b.Dentine
c.Pulp
d.Periodontal ligament
Ans.”d”
page.39,Carranza’s Clinical periodontology,9th edition.
The epithelial rests are considered remnants of Hertwig’s root sheath, which disintegrates during root development.
Epitehlial rests are distributed close to the cementum throughout the periodontal ligament of most teeth and are most numerous in the apical88 and cervical areas.119,120. they diminish in number with age106 by degenerating and disappearing or undergoing calcification to become cementicles. The cells are surrounded by a distinct basal lamina, are interconnected by hemidesmosomes, and contain tonofilaments.7 Epitehlial rests proliferate when stimulated 109,112,116 and participate in the formation of periapical cysts and lateral root cysts.

18.Gnarled enamel is seen in
a.Proximal surface of tooth
b.Cervical region of tooth
c.Cusp tips of tooth
d.All the above.
Ans.”c”
Ref:63,Essentials of oral histology/Kabita Chatterjee.
Gnarled enamel-If the section of the enamel, cut in an oblique plane is examined, under the microscope, the enamel rods appear twisted around each other in the region of cusps and incisal edge near dentin. The alternate right and left deviation of the rods becomes more complicated in an oblique plane. The bundles of rods appear to intertwine more irregularly. This optical appearance of the enamel is called gnarled enamel. This is associated with an increased strength of the enamel.



19.Mesial development depression is the characteric feature of
a.Maxillary first premolar
b.Maxillary second premolar
c.Mandibular first premolar
d.Mandibular second premolar
Ans.”A”
A distinguishing feature of this tooth is found on the medial surface of the crown. Immediately cervical to the mesial contact area, centered on the mesial surface and bordered buccally and lingually by the mesiobuccal and mesiolingual line angles, is a marked depression called the mesial developmental depression.

20.Muscles of tongue are formed by
a.First arch mesoderm
b.Second arch mesoderm
c.Occipital myotomes
d.Cervical somites
Ans.”c”
Ref:214/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy.
Development of Tongue.
I.Epithelium
a)Anterior 2/3:from two lingual swellings and tuberculum impar, i.e., from the first branchial arch . therefore, it supplied by lingual nerve (pertrematic) and chorda tympani (pretrematic).
(b) posterior 1/3:from cranial half of the hyper branchial eminence i.e., from the third arch. Therefore it is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
© posteriormost part from the fourth arch. This therefore supplied by the vagus nerve.
II.Muscles develop from the occipital myotomes which are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve.
Palatoglossus is supplied by cranial accessory nerve.
III.Connective tissue develops from the local mesenchyme.

21.The structure that does not traverse parotid gland is
a.Superficial temporal artery
b.Posterior auricular artery
c.External carotid artery
d.Internal carotid artery
Ans.”D”
Ref. 110/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy.
Structures within the parotid Gland
Arteries:The external carotid artery enters the gland through its posteromedial surface. The maxillary artery leaves the gland through its anteromedial surface. The superficial temporal vessels emerge at the anterior part of the superior surface. The posterior auricular artery may arise within the gland.


22.Sensory innervation of larynx as far as the vocal folds is by
a.External laryngeal nerve
b.Recurrent laryngeal nerve
c.Internal laryngeal nerve
d.Glossopharyngeal nerve
Ans.”c”
Ref: 208,209/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy.
Nerve supply of Muscles:
All intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve except for the cricothyroid which is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve.
Nerve supply of Larynx
A.motor nerves. The internal laryngeal nerve supplies the mucous membrane above the level of the vocal folds. The recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies it below the level of the vocal folds.

23.Nerve of the pterygoid canal is formed by union of

a.Deep petrosal nerve with greater petrosal nerve
b.Deep petrosal nerve with lesser petrosal nerve
c.Greater petrosal and lesser petrosal nerves
d.Greater petrosal and external petrosal nerves
Ans.”a”
Ref: 81/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy.
The deep petrosal nerve is a branch of the sympathetic plexus round the internal carotid artery. It contains postgandlionic fibres from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. The nerve of the pterygoid canal. The sympathetic fibres in it are distributed through the branches of the pterygopalatine gandlion.

24.Lymphatics of upper gum drains into
a.Lingual nodes
b.Retropharyngeal nodes
c.Submandibular nodes
d.Submental nodes
Ans.”c”

25.Accessory meningeal artery enters cranial cavity through
a.Foramen lacerum
b.Foramen rotundum
c.Foramen spinosum
d.Foramen ovale
Ans.”d”
Ref: 24/3rd,B.D.Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy.
The foramen ovale transmits the mandibular nerve the lesser petrosal nerve, the accessory meningeal artery, an emissary vein connecting the cavernous sinus with the pterygoid plexus of veins and occasionally the anterior trunk of the middle meningeal vein.

26.Basic metabolic unit of bone is
a.Osteon
b.Osteoblast
c.Osteocyte
d.Osteoclast

Ans.”A”
Osteology by Inderbir singh
Compact bone consists of numerous haversian canal surrounded by concentric lamellae. each haversian canal and lamellae consists of haversian system or osteon. Interstital lamellae is present in between osteons, circumferential lamella is present on surface parallel to outer surface of compact bone

27.Neurogenic cause of dysphagia includes the following except
a.Multiple sclerosis
b.Tetanus
c.Parkinson’s disease
d.Tetany

Ans.”D”
Ref:- reference harrison manual of medicine –16th edition
Dysphagia is difficulty moving food or liquid through the mouth, pharynx, and
esophagus. The patient senses swallowed material sticking along the path. Odynophagia is pain on swallowing. Globus pharyngeus is the sensation of a lumplodged in the throat, but swallowing is unaffected.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Dysphagia is caused by two main mechanisms:
mechanical obstruction or motor dysfunction
. Mechanical causes of dysphagia can be luminal (e.g., large food bolus, foreign body), intrinsic to the esophagus (e.g., inflammation, webs and rings, strictures, tumors), or extrinsic to the esophagus (e.g., cervical spondylitis, enlarged thyroid or mediastinal mass, vascular compression).

The motor function abnormalities that cause dysphagia may be related to defects in initiating the swallowing reflex (e.g., tongue paralysis, lack of saliva, lesions affecting sensory components of cranial nerves X and XI), disorders of the pharyngeal and esophageal striated muscle (e.g., muscle disorders such as polymyositis and dermatomyositis, neurologic lesions such as myasthenia gravis, polio, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), and disorders of the esophageal smooth muscle (e.g., achalasia, scleroderma, myotonic dystrophy).
OROPHARYNGEAL DYSPHAGIA Pt has difficulty initiating the swallow;
food sticks at the level of the suprasternal notch; nasopharyngeal regurgitation
and aspiration may be present.
Causes include: for solids only, carcinoma, aberrant vessel, congenital or
acquired web (Plummer-Vinson syndrome in iron deficiency), cervical osteophyte;
for solids and liquids, cricopharyngeal bar (e.g., hypertensive or hypotensive
upper esophageal sphincter), Zenker’s diverticulum (outpouching in the
posterior midline at the intersection of the pharynx and the cricopharyngeus
muscle), myasthenia gravis, glucocorticoid myopathy, hyperthyroidism, hypo
thyroidism, myotonic dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis,
Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy.
ESOPHAGEAL DYSPHAGIA Food sticks in the mid or lower sternal
area; can be associated with regurgitation, aspiration, odynophagia. Causes include:
for solids only, lower esophageal ring (Schatzki’s ring, symptoms are
usually intermittent), peptic stricture (heartburn accompanies this), carcinoma,
lye stricture; for solids and liquids, diffuse esophageal spasm (occurs with chest
pain and is intermittent), scleroderma (progressive and occurs with heartburn),
achalasia (progressive and occurs without heartburn).




28.Cribriform, honey comb(or) swiss cheese histology pattern is seen in
a.Adenoid cystic carcinoma
b.Pleomorphic adenoma
c.Acinic cell carcinoma
d.Clear Cell Carcinoma
Ans.”a”
In adenoid cystic carcinoma/cylindroma the basal cells are arranged in anastomosing cords or a duct like pattern. The central portion may contain a mucoid material, producing typical cribriform or swiss cheese pattern.
-perineural spread of tumour cells is also seen.

29.Which cyst is always associated initially with the crown of an impacted embedded or unerupted tooth.
a.Dentigerous cyst
b.Periodontal cyst
c.Odontogenic kerato cyst
d.Primordial cyst
Ans.”a”
Refage.261,Shafers 4th edition
This cyst is always associated initially with the crown of an impacted, embedded or unerupted tooth. A dentigerous cyst may also be found enclosing a complex compound odontoma or involving a supernumerary tooth. The most common sites of this cyst are the mandibular and maxillary third molar and maxillary cuspid areas, since these are the most commonly impacted teeth.

30.Rigidity of facial muscles ‘Risus sardonicus’ is associated with
a.Tetanus
b.Syphilis
c.Leprosy
d.Actinomycosis
Ans.”a”
Tetanus/lock.jaw is a disease of nervous system characterised by intense activity of motor neurons resulting in severe muscle spasms.
-caused by clostridium tetani
-incubation period within 14 days.
-C/F-pain and stiffness in jaws and neck muscles with muscle rigidity producing trismus and dysphagia.
-rigidity of facial muscles is “Risus sardonicus”
-when entire body is effected-opisthotonos.

31.The tooth most commonly involved in chronic focal sclerosing osteomyelitis is
a.Maxillary second moloar
b.Maxillary third moloar
c.Maxillary first moloar
d.Mandibular first molar
Ans.”d”
Refg.502/4 Shafers 4th edition.
Chronic focal sclerosing osteomyelitis is an unusual reaction of bone to infection, occurring in instances of extremely high tissue resistance or in cases of a low-grade infection.
Clinical features.This form of osteomyelitis arises almost exclusively in young persons before the age of 20 years. The tooth most commonly involved is the mandibular first molar, which presents a large carious lesion.

32.Severe cellulitis beginning in the submaxillary space and secondarily involving the sublingual and submental spaces is known as
a.Submandibular cellulitis
b.Submaxillary cellulitis
c.Ludwigs angina
d.Sura hyoid cellulitis
Ans.”c”
Ludwig’s angina is a severe cellulites beginning usually in the submaxillary space and secondarily involving the sublingual and submental spaces as well..
The chief source of infection is involvement of a mandibular molar, either periapical or periodontal, but it may result also from a penetrating injury of the floor of the mouth, such as a gunshot or stab wound, or from osteomyelitis in a compound jaw fracture.

33.Pain, muscle tenderness, clicking or popping noise in T.M joint and limitation of jaw motion are the four cardinal signs and symptoms of
a.Costen’s syndrome
b.Traumatic arthritis of TM joint
c.Osteo arthritis
d.Myo facial pain dysfunction syndrome.
Ans.”D”
Refage.714,Shafers 4th edition.
In addition to these four positive findings, MPDS patients also have two typical negative disease characteristics: (1)an absence of clinical, roentgenographic or biochemical evidence of organic changes in the joint itself, and (2) lack of tenderness in the joint when it is palpated through the external auditory meatus.
Costen’s syndrome:- it is due to altered anatomic relationship in the mandibular joint on account of reduced vertical dimension.It is generally seen in edentulous patients c/f:-pain in and around the ears.-Stuffy sensation in the ear with impairment of hearing, tinnitus, pain in the back of head and side of neck -painful burning of tongue with neuralgia of 2nd and 3rd divisions of Vth nerves.
Osteoarthritis is degenerative disease of weight bearing joints.

34.Cooleys anemia is also known as
a.Erythro blastosis fetalis
b.Aplastic anemia
c.Thalassemia
d.Permicious anemia
Ans.”c”
Refg.725 shafers 4th edition.
Synonyms:Cooley’s Anemia;Mediterranean Disease; Erythroblastic Anemia)
Charecterstic cells: Target cells:Target cells, safety-pin cells and normoblasts
radiological appearences. Salt and pepper.
The thalassemia group of anemias is a heterogeneous group characterized by diminished synthesis of the a- or b-globin chain of hemoglobin A. the disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and exhibits a racial pattern.

35.Rubeola refers to
a.German measles
b.Measles
c.Small pox
d.Chicken pox
Ans.”b”
Refg.378.Shafers 4th edition
Synonyms:-Rubeola;Morbilli
Measles is an acute, contagious, dermaropic viral infection, primarily affecting children, and occurring many times in epidemic form. Outbreaks are often cyclic in their appearance and are seen commonly at two or three-year intervals.
The portal of entry being the respiratory tract.
Clinical features. The disease, which has an incubation period of 8 to 10 days, is characterized by the onset of fever, malaise, cough, conjunctivitis. Photophobia, lacrimation and eruptive lesions of the skin and oral mucosa.
The oral lesions are prodromal, frequently occurring two to three days before the cutaneous rash, and are pathognomonic of this disease. The intraoral lesions are called koplik’s spots.
In german measles/Rubella kopik’s spots are absent.

36.An interesting association of lichen planus, diabetes mellitus and vascular hypertension is described as
a.Gardner’s syndrome.
b.Grinspan’s syndrome
c.Costen’s syndrome
d.Cowden’s syndrome
Ans.”b”
Refg.809,Shafers 4th edition.
An interesting association of lichen planus, diabetes mellitus and vascular hypertension has been described by Grinspan, the triad being described as Grinspan’s syndrome by Grupper.
Cowden’s syndrome:Association of oral papillomatous lesions, facial trichlemmomas associated with GIT, thyroid CNS abnormalities.
Gardner’s syndrome:-multiple polyposis of large intestine, multiple sebaceous cysts, impacted supernumerary teeth and osteomas of bone.
37.Most common organism causing caries
a.Streptococcus Faecalis
b.Streptococcus viridans
c.Streptococcus mutans
d.Staphycococcus albus
Ans.”c”
Refg.414,shafers 4th edition.
Streptococcus mutans is considered today to be the chief etiologic agent in human dental caries.Especially Steptococcus mutans have the ability to metabolize dietary sucrose and synthesize by cell-surface and extracellular glucosytransferase. This enzyme is considered to be of special importance in the establishment of Streptococcus mutans in the dental plaque.
Streptococcus viridans causes SABE staphylococus albus causes postoperative endocarditis.
38.Cyst arising from rest of malassez is
a.Dental cyst
b.Dentigerous cyst
c.Radicular cyst
d.Kerato cyst
ans.”c”
Ref.pg.493,494,Shafers 4th edition.
Synonyms:Radicular cyst; periapical cyst; Root End Cyst
The epithelial lining of radicular cyst is derived from the epithelial rests of Malassez., which proliferate as a result of the inflammatory stimulus in a pre-existing granuloma.

39.Common salivary gland tumour in children
a.Lymphoma
b.Pleomorphic adenoma
c.Adenoid cystic carcinoma
d.Muco epidermoid carcinoma
Ans D
Refg.248,Shafers 4th edition
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma occurs with an equal distribution between men and women. It occurs primarily in the third to fifth decades of life but actually can occur in virtually all decades. It is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor of children.
pleomorphic adenoma is most common salivary gland tumor in all ages as far as the epithelial salivary gland tumors is considered

40.Bone loss following extraction is
a.Less for first 6 months
b.Less for first 1 month
c.More for first 6 months
d.Process uniformly for first one year
ans.(C)

41.A retruded tongue position in an edentulous patient results in
a.Good peripheral seal
b.Over extended impression
c.Under extended impression
d.Increased stability of lower denture
Ans.(B)

42.Determining the relative parallelism of proximal tooth surfaces by contacting with the surveyor blade is known as
a.Guiding planes
b.Angle of cervical convergence
c.Height of contour
d.Interference
Ans.”a”
Ref:324 Nallaswamy.
Guiding planes or guide planes are defined as “Two or more vertically parallel surfaces of abutment teeth so oriented as to direct the path of placement and removal of removable partial dentures”-GPT.
They are prepared on the proximal and axial surfaces of primary and secondary abutment teeth.

43.The modulus of elasticity of an alloy refers to
a.Flexibility
b.Ducttility
c.Stiffness
d.Malleability
Ans.”c”
modulus of elasticity (or)young’s modulus is the relative stiffness or rigidity of a material
-It is the ratio of stresses to strain within the proportional limit.
Flexibility:It is the strain that occurs when the material is stressed to its proportional limit.
Malleability:Ability of the material to withstand permanent deformation under a compressive load without rupture.
Ductility:Ability of the material to withstand permanent deformation under a tensile load without rupture.

44.Tissue conditioning materials are
a.Elastomers
b.Elasto polymers
c.Polymers
d.Impression plaster
Ans.”b”
Ref:136/2nd Basic Dental Material
Composition
These are highly plasticized acrylic resins, supplied as a powder and a liquid. Powder poly (ethyl methacrylate) or one of its copolymers.
Liquid Aromatic ester (butyl phthalate butylglycolate) in ethanol or an alcohol of high molecular weight.

45.Which component of a removable partial denture used to retain or prevent dislodgement
a.Indirect retainer
b.Rest
c.Minor connector
d.Direct retainer
Ans.”d”
46.Functional impression technique can be applied in
a.Uniformly firm ridge consistency
b.All variety of residual ridges
c.Knife Edge ridge
d.Displacable alveolar ridge
Ans.”a”
Ref:409/ Nallaswamy
Functional Impressions
These impressions are recorded under functional load (pressure), that is, the tissue surface is recorded in the compressed form. Since the soft tissues are recorded in the compressed form, the denture will not exert additional stress on the abutment teeth during functional loading. By this procedure, the occlusal load can be evenly distributed between the soft tissues and the abutment teeth. This prevents the concentration of deleterious forces on the abutment teeth.
Functional impressions are required only to record edentulous saddles. The existing teeth do not change form under load and hence they do not require a functional impression. These impressions are indicated for tooth-tissue supported partial dentures.

47.A rigid reciprocal arm of a clasp may also act as
a.Direct retainer
b.An axillary indirect retainer
c.Major connector
d.Minor connector
Ans.”b”
Ref:353/Nallaswamy
Reciprocal arm “A clasp arm or other extension used on a removable partial denture to oppose the action of some other part or parts of the prosthesis”.-GPT.
It is located on the side of the tooth opposite to the retentive arm. It resists the lateral forces exerted by the retentive arm when it passes through the height of contour during the placement and removal of the RPD.
It is always placed in the supra-bulge area it may act as an indirect retainer when placed on an abutment located anterior to the fulcrum line (axis of rotation) of the partial denture. Thus, the rigid reciprocal arm can resist the rocking of the denture base.
a properly positioned reciprocal arm can act as a minor connector.

48.Complete denture patients have a preference for which region when the consistency of food is tough
a.2nd molar region
b.Pre molar region
c.1st molar region
d.Pre molar and molar region
Ans.(B)

49.Guiding plane in RPD should be located at
a.In between edentulous space
b.Abutment surface adjacent to an edentulous area
c.Edentulous area
d.Abutment area
Ans.”b”
Ref:324/Nallaswamy
Guiding planes or guide planes are defined as “Two or more vertically parallel surfaces of abutment teeth so oriented as to direct the path of placement and removal of removable partial dentures”-GPT.
They are prepared on the proximal and axial surfaces of primary and secondary abutment teeth.
50.The teeth that are retained for the longest period of time are
a.Maxillary incisors
b.Maxillary canines
c.Mandibular incisors
d.Mandibular canines.
ans.(D)

51.The preferred gingival finish line for veneer metal restoration is
a.Shoulder
b.Chamfer
c.Shoulder with bevel
d.Radial shoulder
ans B
Ref:571/Nallaswamy
Chamfer
This finish line possesses a curved slope from the axial wall till the margin it can be procedured using a torpedo diamond point. . It is the finish line of choice for cast metal restorations and lingual margins of metal ceramic restorations.
52.The term thrush refers to
a.Acute atrophic candidiasis
b.Chronic atrophic candidiasis
c.Acute pseudo membranous candidiasis
d.Median rhomboid glossitis
Ans.”c”
Refg.418/9th Carranza.
Pseudomembranous candidiasis (thrush) presents as painless or slightly sensitive white lesions that can be readily scraped and separated from the surface of the oral mucosa. This type is most common on the hard and soft palate and the buccal or labial mucosa.

53.Heck’s disease is another name for
a.Focal epithelial hyperplasia
b.Fibromatosis gingiva
c.Oral melanotic macule
d.Hereditary intestinal polyposis syndrome
Ans.”a”
Refg.22,shafers 4th edition.
For option D- peutz-jegheur-syndrome.
Focal epithelial hyperplasia presents as multiple nodular lesions. Usually with a sessile base, occurring most commonly on the lower lip but also seen on the buccal mucosa, commissures. Upper lip, and tongue. The gingivae and anterior faucial pillars are infrequently involved and lesions do not appear to occur on the floor of the mouth or palate.


54.Which of the following is a precancerous lesions
a.Speckled leukoplakia
b.Benign migratory glossitis
c.White sponge nevus
d.Hairy leukoplakia
Ans.”a”
precancerous lesion:- morphologically altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to occur than in its apparently normal counterpart.
Leukoplakia
Erythroplakia
Stomatitis nicotina palatinae.
Chronic candidiasis
Dyskeratosis congenital
Dyskeratosis follicularis.
Precancerous conditions
Generalised state of body which is associated with a significantly increated risk of cancer.
Oral submucous fibrosis
Siderophagic dysphagia
Syphilis
Oral lichen planus.

55.Target lesions are seen in
a.Pemphigoid
b.Lichenplanus
c.Erythema multiforme
d.Mickulicz’s disease
Ans.”c”
Refg.817,Shafers 4th edition.
Synonyms:-Erythema Multiforme Eudativum; Stevensjohnson syndrome; Ectodermosis Erosiva pluriorificialis.
A concentric ringlike appearance of the lesions, resulting from the varying shades of erythema, occurs in some cases and has given rise to the terms “target”, “iris” or “bull’s eye”.
Target cells are found in Thalasemia iron deficiency anemia mickuliz’s disease is benign lymphoepithelial lesion.

56.The milliampere (MA) control of X-Ray machine controls
a.The speed of electrons
b.The quantity of electrons
c.The speed of protons
d.The quantity of protons
Ans.”b”
The milliampere determines the number of x-ray photons generated.
-As MA is increased, more number of electrons are generated at the cathode.
-no.of photons produced depend on product of tube current and time.

57.The size of actual focal spot is
a.1 x 3 MM
b.1 x 1 MM
c.1 x 4 MM
d.1 x 2 MM
Ans.”a”
Ref:26/2nd white-Goaz Radiology
The size of actual focal spot is 1 x 3 MM.The effective focal spot is 1X1 mm.

58.Which layer of epithelium of oral mucous membrane is more sensible to radiation
a.Stratum Spinosum
b.Stratum granulosam
c.Stratum basale
d.Stratum corneum
Ans.”c”
ref:35 promos john radiology
-The oral changes due to radiation are mainly the result of radiotherapy for malignant lesions.
-The oral mucous membrane contains radiosensitive vegetative and differentiating intermitotic cells in the basal layer, marked redness and inflammation (mucositis) are seen by the end of second week of radiotherapy.

59.In recent avulsion of teeth the image of laminadura of the empty socket in the Radiograph is usually
a.Lost
b.Discontinuous
c.Persisting
d.Widened
Ans.(c)
-pathologic condition with persisting lamina dura is traumatic bone cyst
Thickening of lamina dura is seen in TFO. Lamina dura is lost in pagets disease lamina dura is discontinuous in case of periapical abscess.

60.Most common site of tuberculous lesion in the oral cavity is
a.Buccal Mucosa
b.Lips
c.Tongue
d.Palate
Ans.”c”
Ref:342/4th,shafers
The usual tuberculous lesion is an irregular, superficial or deep, painful ulcer which tends to increase slowly in size. It is frequently found in areas of trauma and may be mistaken clinically for a simple traumatic ulcer or even carcinoma.
Tuberculous gingivitis is an unusual form of tuberculosis which may appear as a diffuse, hyperemic, nodular or papillary proliferation of the gingival tissues.

61.Most common fungus in diabetics
a.Cryptococcus
b.Aspergillus
c.Rodotorula
d.Nocordia
Ans.(a)
The fungi which causes massive necrotising lesions in uncontrolled diabetic patient is Cryptococcus

62.Actinomycosis is caused by
a.Virus
b.Bacteria
c.Fungus
d.Unknownfactor
Ans.”b”
Refg.346/4th shafers
Actinomycosis is a chronic granulomatous, suppurative, and fibrosing disease caused by anaerobic, gram-positive, nonacid – fast, branched, filamentous bacteria, the most commonly isolated organism being Actinomyces israelii.
Charecteristic features are sulphur granules and multiple draining sinuses, lumpy jaw.

63.Blood supply of coronoid process of mandible is primarily from
a.Inferior alveolar artery
b.Deep temporal artery
c.Facial artery
d.Middle Meningeal artery
Ans.(b)
64.The method of presenting data of geographic distribution is
a.Histogram
b.Pie chart
c.Frequency polygon
d.Cartogram
Ans.(d)
Depending on the nature of data. whether it isQualitative or Quantitative. anyone of the
following diagrams may be chosen.
a) Bar Diagram: This diagram is used to represent Qualitative data. It represents only one variable.
.
b) Multiple Bar: This diagram is used to compare Qualitative data with respect to a single
variable. like sex-wise or with respect to time or region. This diagram is similar to the bar
diagram except that for each category of the variable we have a set of bars of the same width corresponding to the different sections without any gap in between the width and the length

c)Proportional BarDiagram:This diagram is used to represent Qualitative data. When it is
desired to compare only the proportion of subgroups between different major groups of
observations. then bars are drawn for each group with the same length, either as I or
100%. These are then divided according to the sub-group proportion in each major group.

d) PieDiagram: These are popularly used to show percentage breakdowns for Qualitative
data. It is so called because the entire graph looks like a pie and its components represent
slices cut from a pie. A circle is divided into different sectors corresponding to the
freQuenciesof the variables in the distribution.

Histogram: This diagram is used to depict Quantitative data of continuous type. A Histogram is a bar diagram without gap between the bars. It represents a freQuency distribution.

c) Frequency Polygon: This is used to represent frequency distribution of Quantitative
data and is useful to compare two or more freQuency distributions..

h) Cartogramsor SpotMap: These maps are used to show geographical distribution of
frequencies of a characteristic.




65.The number of independent members in the sample is
a.Null
b.Degrees of freedom
c.Bias
d.Significance
Ans.(b)
Bias: Any systematic error in the determination of the association between exposure and disease.
Degree of Freedom:The degree of freedom is defined as the number of independent members in the sample.
Null Hypothesis:The null hypothesis asserts that there is no real difference in the sample(s) and the population in the particular matter under consideration and the difference found is accidental and arises out of sampling variations.
Having set up the hypothesis, one has to decide on the magnitude of risk of making a wrong conclusion of rejecting the null hypothesis that the two groups are from the same population. This is fixed in terms of a probability level P and is called the level of significance.

66.The method of prepayment wherein the patient pays a percent of total cost.
a.Loan
b.Co-insurance
c.Reasonable fee
d.Fee for service
Ans.(B)
MECHANISM OF PAYMENT FOR DENTAL CARE:
The mechanisms by which dental practitioners receive payment for their services can be grouped into.
1.Private fee-for-service
2.post payment plans.
3.private third – party prepayment plans
a)Commercial insurance companies.
b)Non profit health service corporations.
E.g.Delta dental plans
Blue cross/Blue shield
c)prepaid group practice
d)Capitation plans.
4.Salary
5.public programs.
Mechanism of payment
features
advantage
disadvantage
1.Private fee-for-service
.
.

Most preferred and traditional form of reimbursement of dental service.
Most efficient, and culturally acceptible.
Flexible payment options—price discrimination

Financially poor cannot afford
2.post payment plans.
This is also called as “ budget plan”.The patient takes loan to pay the dentists fee.
Useful for middle class income groups.
Difficulty for lower income groups to obtain the credit
Difficulty of defaulted loans.
3.private third – party prepayment plans

Payment by some agency rather than directly by the beneficiary of those services.first party and second is dentist and patient and the third party is the insurance company.
a)Commercial insurance companies



.
b)Non profit health service corporations.
E.g.Delta dental plans

National Association of Dental service Plans ( NADSP) formed in june 1966 in colloboration with ADA was renamed asDelta dental planin apr 1969
Quality of care is acceptible
Dentists participating in the Delta plan are paid 90 th percentle
Non participating dentists are paid only 50 th percetile




Blue cross/Blue shield

It is a health service corpoaration insurance similar to Delta dental plan with limited participation


c)prepaid group practice
HEALTH MAINTAINENCE ORGANISATION
It is a group practise that provides dental care on prepaid basis






d)Capitation plans
a negotiated amount is paid to the dentist for eligible patient if he receives treatment or not

Offer only limited services.

Only individuals can buy. Groups are not allowed
4.Salary

Armen forces, some members of froup practise, Public agencies
No business concerns for the dentistso more concentration on clinical work.
Financial incentive is lacking that is highly productive.
5.public programs



Medicare
TITLE XVIII of the social security society amendments act of 1965.

Limited to procedures required for hospitalization
Initial payment is required by the patient.
Medicaid
TITLE XIXof the social security society amendments act of 1965.


Dental care is not mandatory except EPSDT under 21 years ( Early and periodic screening . diagnoisis and treatment )
Complex and confusing


All health insurances violates some of the principles of dental health care. To overcome this insurance carriers have found ways to get around these problems by offereing different types of payment like
a. DEDUCTIBLE:_ it is a stipulated flat sum that the patient must pay toward the cost of the treatment before benefits of the programme go into effect. This is also called as “ front- end payment”.
b. C0INSURANCE;- the patient pays a percentage of the total cost of the treatment. Both carrier and beneficiary are each liable for a share of the cost.
c. GROUP INSURANCE;- offered only to groups as illness experience is predictable in a group.

67.Tasks involving exposure to blood, body fluids, tissues are called
a.Category I
b.Category II
c.Category III
d.Category IV
Ans.(a)
Answer is 1 (Yellow): park 17th/567; park 18th/599
Human anatomical wastes such as human tissues, organs, and body parts are classified as waste category No. 1, They are disposed in ‘plastic bags’ with a ‘ yellow color code’ and treated by ‘Incineration or deep burial’.

Color coding Type of container Waste category
Yellow Plastic bag Cat.1, cat. 2 and cat. 3, cat.6
Red Disinfected container/plastic bag Cat.3, Cat. 6, Cat. 7
Blue/white Plastic bag/puncture Cat. 4, Cat. 7
Translucent Proof container
Black Plastic bag Cat. 5 and Cat. 9 and Cat. 10/
(solid)



Waste Category

Option
Treatment and disposal


Category no.1

Human Anatomical Waste (human tissues, organs, body pasrts

Incineration/Deep burial


Category no.2


Animal waste (animal tissue, organs of body parts, carcasses, bleeding
Parts, fluids, blood and experimental animals used in research, waste
Generated by veterinary hospitals colleges, discharge from hospitals,
Animal house)

Incineration/Deep burial


Category no.3

Microbiology and Biotechnology waste (waste from laboratory cultures
Stocks or specimens of micro-organisms, love or attenuated vaccines,